Complete Coverage for Top 100 Definition Essay Topics

Complete Coverage for Top 100 Definition Essay Topics As a college student, the journey to writing a definition essay starts with selecting the right topics for your definition essays. This article is going to show you how to choose the best and most interesting definition topics for your assignments. I am also going to share with you some of the best and most interesting definition topics. Why is it hard to choose topic for definition essay? Before we look at the some of the reasons why some students find it hard to choose a definition essay topic, we shall look briefly at the meaning of definition essay writing. In short, a definition essay is simply an essay that explains the meaning of a term or an object. One of the reasons why it becomes challenging to choose an essay topic in this area of essay writing is the abstract nature of some objects and realities that need definition. Some items have a clear meaning that commands a universal acceptance while others have a controversial and abstract meaning which further complicates the ease of defining them. For instance, it is a bit tricky to define emotive terms such as love or power than it is to define an object such as food or chair. Another reason why students have difficulty choosing a topic for a definition essay is the lack of understanding of how to present the definitions themselves. That is why it is necessary to understand the three fundamental steps of effective definition. You need to let your definition do the following: ? Tell your readers what you are defining ? Put forward clear and primary information ? Utilize examples and stories that your readers can easily relate to The third reason why most students find it difficult to select definition-based essay topics is their inability to understand and use effectively the various ways of defining issues. Some of the ways of defining things are: ? Definition by functionality where you define an object based on what the thing does or how it functions ? Definition by structure where you define things based on their organization or assembly ? Definition by analyzing something and pointing out the differences between it and other things. ? Defining by what something does not mean. This reverse kind of technique creates a clear distinction between an object and other objects With the above understanding in mind, you are better placed to proceed to the next section and look at the 100 best definition essay topics. List of definition essay topics Here is a list of the best and most interesting 100 definition essay topics. 1. Laziness 2. Success 3. Marriage 4. Family planning 5. Real estate 6. Bad attitude 7. Love 8. Religion 9. Christianity 10. Endurance 11. Science fiction 12. Research 13. Respect 14. Public relations 15. Office automation 16. Loyalty 17. Fashion design 18. Privacy 19. Fear 20. Local tourism 21. Male chauvinism 22. Feminism 23. Internal beauty 24. Industrialization 25. Self-control 26. Corruption 27. Racism 28. Communism 29. Capitalism 30. Peer pressure 31. Juvenile delinquency 32. Terrorism 33. Extremism 34. E-commerce 35. Christianity 36. Buddhism 37. Psychology 38. Sociology 39. Contemporary art 40. Agriculture 41. Healthy living 42. Vegetarianism 43. Dictatorship 44. Democracy 45. Surrealism 46. Personal discipline 47. Alcoholism 48. Drug addiction 49. Autism 50. Corporate social responsibility 51. Management 52. Economy 53. Micro-economics 54. Macro-economics 55. Poverty 56. Astronomy 57. Government bureaucracy 58. Persistence 59. Good parenting 60. Personality disorder 61. Liberalism 62. Emotional maturity 63. Environmental conservation 64. Effective Leadership 65. Pride 66. Civil rights 67. Racial segregation 68. Mutual trust 69. Depression 70. Obsessive compulsive disorder 71. Religious intolerance 72. Self-confidence 73. Happiness 74. Martial Arts 75. Professional ethics 76. Domestic violence 77. Animal 78. Faithfulness 79. Comedy 80. Peace of mind 81. Self-Respect 82. Right to privacy 83. Right to life 84. Human rights 85. Animal rights 86. Parental responsibility 87. Conjugal rights 88. The American Dream 89. True love 90. Political survival 91. International relations 92. Management skills 93. Selfish ambition 94. Courage 95. Personal development 96. Moral responsibility 97. African history 98. Industrial revolution 99. Common sense 100. Artificial intelligence Definition essays are a common form of assignment for all college students. One of the things that you need to write an effective and conclusive definition paper is choosing an appropriate topic for that essay. However, the selection of a topic is a challenge to some students. This article has shown you the reasons behind the challenges student face when selecting interesting definition topics. I have also shown you how to overcome them so that you can enhance your ability to define things with accuracy. Additionally, the post has shared with you some of the most interesting topics for definition-based essay writing. You are now abreast with the facts, and the ball is in your court to apply everything we have discussed.

The Use of Technology in Classrooms Essay - 1685 Words

The Use of Technology in Classrooms Throughout the years technology has help advance our school system to make a teachers job easier. New technology enables teachers to get their point across to children in different ways, depending on what kind of learner the child is. Twenty-five years ago, there were no personal computers. Today, almost 30% of American households own a PC, and more than 60% of American students use computers in schools. The personal computer brought about many new advances into the classroom. Such as the Internet in 1993, which is used today in classrooms across the country. Then in 1998 video conferencing was introduced. Also, in that year The American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education pronounced the†¦show more content†¦They also offer students the option to pay fees with credit cards online, so there is no need to go to the post office or buy a stamp. This new technology is changing the world, as we know it. The new foundation that links individuals and groups around the w orld instantaneously is the Internet. Computers can also allow students to use learning styles that they prefer. Allowing them to gain knowledge of the subject at their own pace, with instant correction, explanation, as well as reinforcement. These advantages to technology are advancing even more as time goes by. While researching I also noticed that computers are often used for presentations in the classroom. Students use software programs like Microsoft Power Point, Microsoft Excel, and others. These programs allow students to learn quickly how to create a professional presentation on any subject, and are even good for beginners who are not as familiar with the programs. CD-ROM encyclopedias, Internet searches, and other programs offer sounds, video clips, photos, and text-based information that students can include into their multimedia shows. Publication of the presentation on the World Wide Web or an oral presentation to the class or school makes sharing the project far easier than a traditional handwritten paper, and gives the students a great individual satisfaction of their success. Schools that are currently incorporating technology in their curriculums are already using individual asShow MoreRelatedEthical Us e of Technology in the Classroom955 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Technology Classroom Ethical Technology Classroom Ethical use of technology is something not only our homes should adopt but the classrooms and any other place, we intend to make use of the scientific achievements. The question arises as to why ethics have so much importance in every aspect of life. It is the ethics, which tell us how one thing has to be done and how we should do one thing (Petrina, 2007). This statement appears to be similar however, two meanings have. Technologys usageRead More Technology Use in the Mathematics Classroom Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology Use in the Mathematics Classroom Technology is a growing field that affects every aspect of our everyday lives. When I look at centuries past, I am amazed at the technological advances this country has made. Just during my lifetime, computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and many other devices have become a huge part of everyday life. Not only is technology affecting every day life, but it is also making a huge impact on education, especially within the mathematic field. ComputerRead MoreUse of Technology in the Classroom: Potentials and Pitfalls Essay665 Words   |  3 PagesUse of Technology in the Classroom: Potentials and Pitfalls In the last decade, increasingly powerful technologies have begun to make their way into classrooms across the nation. Many classrooms are now equipped with personal computers that run educational software to help teach students facts and concepts in a more engaging way than a traditional lecture. Advances in telecommunications technologies have led to almost universal access to the Internet, allowing students and teachers to communicateRead MoreInternet Security and Ethical Uses of Technology in The Classroom939 Words   |  4 Pagessecurity and ethical use of technology in the classroom is vital to a student’s academic success. Internet security ensures that the technologies used in the classroom stay operationally problem free as well as keeps students safe from internet predators. Ethical guidelines ensure proper appropriate use of technology that does not violate school rules or laws put in place by the federal and state governments. There are several reasons why internet security is vital to the classroom. 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Laptops and computers, tablets, smartphones, interactive boards, and other learning devices have become integral to the education system. In 1983, Dr. Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner, a professor of education at Harvard,Read MoreWith the increasing use of technology in the classroom, learning does not have to come solely from900 Words   |  4 PagesWith the increasing use of technology in the classroom, learning does not have to come solely from the teacher. The computer programs that are being produced and used act as tutors from which the students are able to get extended time to learn about the topic or subject being discussed. In â€Å"Technology in Education† a 1986 study called â€Å"Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow† (ACOT) was performed and negative results were hoping to be found based on the long amount of time that students and teachers were atRead MoreIntegrating Instructional Technology Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrating Instructional Technology Rationale The intention of the Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan is to enhance the use of technology in the classroom to improve the education that students receive in their learning and communicating. The detail found within the Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan will describe the ability of the teacher to use technology in an effective manner within the classroom while providing a safe, secure, and educational environment for students to learnRead MoreTechnology As A Tool For Technology931 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology in the Classroom Many classrooms across the country are immersed with technology. Technology is used in a plethora of ways in today’s classrooms. The widespread use of technology in classroom instruction dates back to universities trickling down to pre-schools. When technology exists daily in the classroom; strategies are endless when dealing with classroom management. According to Khatib, (2014) â€Å"the use of the Internet as a tool for technology-enhanced instruction has educatorsRead MoreTechnoloy in the Classroom1551 Words   |  6 Pages The long time use of balances, overhead projectors, busen burners, and document cameras has existed in the classroom for years. Generations have continued to be introduced to these pieces of equipment, but has the technology ever changed? Technology has changed our world, but what about our classrooms? Not so much. The challenge today is to incorporate the 21st century changes into classrooms across the nation (Metz, 2014). Many classrooms see smart phones and electronic devices as a distraction

The Pagan Origins of Christianity Essay - 4088 Words

The first part of this paper will explore the mystery-religions, the reasons behind their popularity, and the Hellenistic world in which they grew that began with Alexander the Great. Next, their characteristics and connections first with Judaism and later with Christianity will be more deeply discussed. In the second part it will be shown that the mystery-religions helped to clear the pathway for the Christianization of the Greco-Roman world by men such as Paul the Apostle. Finally, the Emperor Constantine’s role in this story will be mentioned, during whose reign the mystery-religions declined and Christianity became the major religion of Europe and the near east. The paper will conclude with a brief speculation about the significance of†¦show more content†¦After learning these mysteria, members were considered reborn or â€Å"born again.† Christianity in fact began along these lines of practice. Its most important ceremony, the Mass or Eucharist, in which t he body and blood of Christ were symbolically eaten in the forms of bread and wine, was forbidden to all but a select few who had completed three levels of initiation. Most early Christians, whether of Jewish or Gentile origin, would have been familiar the concept of mysteria. Throughout the Mediterranean world, religious communities based on this idea of secret teachings thrived. Another common element in the mystery-religions was their tendency to worship the divine on what we today would think of as a higher spiritual level than standard Greek and Roman religions did. The idea of a spiritual world as separate from the material world, first promoted by Plato, was fully adopted by the mystery-religions and provided them with a basis for belief in life after death. Conversely, ancient Greco-Roman religion and Judaism contained nothing that addressed this new concept of separate worlds. 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Different religions have been more prominent than others, one of the most popular being Christianity. Christianity developed during the time of the Roman Empire. It began as a minority religion and grew into something much more than that. Christianity’s importance to the empire increased over time. At first, Christian values seemed different than those of pagan Roman civilization and Romans were not sure how toRead MoreComparing Pagan Romans And Christians Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesPagan Romans and Christians in the 2nd 3rd C.E. Introduction: What relationship did the Christians and Pagan Romans have with one another? Explain emperor Nero, and his part in how the persecutions began on a higher level. Glimpse of some of the accusations Christians went under. B. Introduce Primary source Pliny and his letter to Trajan. Explain the reason this letter relates to the relationship of the Christians and Pagan Romans. C. Thesis: The Christians faced tumultuous, andRead MoreChristianity : The Rise Of Christianity1512 Words   |  7 PagesBefore the rise of Christianity as a major religion in the European area, Paganism was a belief that was common among all people across Europe. Paganism involved polytheistic beliefs with ritualistic tradition and animal sacrifice. This belief was common in the Anglo-Saxon tradition, which is from where the epic poem Beowulf is thought to have originated circa 550 AD. Due to the origins of Beowulf being surrounded by Pagan tradition and culture and reliance on the method of oral recitation of theRead MoreChristian Influence On Greco- Roman Paganism1037 Words   |  5 Pagesreligious texts were in existence, and pagan believers had little to refer to. They followed tradition, allowing certain beliefs to fall through the cracks, and other beliefs to flourish. There was virtually no religious text dealing with Greek or Roman beliefs and as a whole the pagan s ystem was vague. The Greek author Hesiod’s Theogony was one of the sole written interpretations of Greek paganism and instead of offering a guide to followers, it focused more on origin stories and tales of heroes. AccordingRead MoreTheme Of Paganism In Beowulf1179 Words   |  5 Pagesacts. Christian and Pagan Influences in Beowulf: The Pagan deities, rituals as well as pagan ideas influenced Beowulf, when it was being created, though the passing down of the epic narrative in verbal form, the Christianity age would provide a residual effect to the story. The ideas mixed is not signifying a struggle to attain religious power in the entire story, but the poem is blended with heroic ideals of Paganisms as well as self-sacrificing values which govern Christianity. The elements of ChristianityRead MoreChristianity And Its Effect On The World1128 Words   |  5 Pages Since the religion of Christianity was first practiced, it has been spread to the far reaches of the world. The spread of the religion has led to some major political, social, and economic consequences. Christianity started as a small sect of Judaism and has become the most practiced religion in the world. Aided by cultural diffusion, missionaries, and war, the church expanded and more. There have been many causes for the spread of Christianity, a nd it has led to numerous effects. Many of theseRead MoreThe Origins And Central Beliefs Of Islam1735 Words   |  7 PagesThree Theologies for Thee The origins and central beliefs of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity should be common knowledge to understand our world today and its history. Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that professes that there is only one god. Muhammad is the last messenger of the god Allah. It’s the world’s fastest growing religion and the second largest in the world. Muslims make up 23% of the world’s population. Islam teaches that Allah is peaceful, all-minded, and unique, and he hasRead MoreKeeping Briton’s Religious Origins Alive through Ancient Literature1129 Words   |  5 Pagesheroes and heroines in the stories. Furthermore, the persistence of these religious genres is evidenced in ancient literature such as Beowulf, The Myth of Arthur’s Return, or Diedru and the Exile of the Sons of Uisliu, as they retained remnants of origins of the Britons’ religious beliefs. In Beowulf, King Hrothgar, the ruler of Danes, is troubled by the rampages of a demon named Grendel. Fortunately, a young Geat warrior, Beowulf, travels from his own kingdom across the seas, to Heorot Hall offeringRead MoreComparison Between Roman And Roman Empire953 Words   |  4 PagesRoman society had changed in two things: Christianity had become a powerful social, political, and religious force, and the Roman spectacles had grown to enormous proportions. Even though the games were supported by the emperors, those spectacles experienced some changes, especially because of a special legislation that produced norms on their performance. Emperors made laws against paganism, idolatry, and sacrifices. In 380, Theodosius declared Christianity the official and only legitimate religion

Pragmatism Is the Philosophy of Practicality Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Philosophy is a hypothetical interpretation of the unknown. It is a point of view that provides a logical, rational, and valid basis for educational effort and criteria for the selection of a sound educational practice. Philosophy of Education Educating children profoundly affects their lives and influences the life of anyone who comes into contact with those children. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatism Is the Philosophy of Practicality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Education provides a foundation for a child to start his life. Without a true education, it becomes impossible for an individual to provide for themselves and their family. Also, well-educated people can make decisions that benefit both their own interests and the interests of society as a whole. In some cases, philosophies of education do contradict and oppose each other, like for instance, idealism as opposed to the philosophy of naturalism. In fact we cannot question it because they have different points of view as regard to education. STATEMENT OF POSITION Pragmatism is the philosophy of practicality and usefulness. Pragmatists see the world as a place for experience of all kinds. Pragmatism believes changes in education and opposes traditional education. Gaining of knowledge for the sake of knowledge is not the real aim of education. This philosophy focuses mental, religious and aesthetic forms of human activity. If I were a teacher, I would go with the philosophy of pragmatism. For me pragmatism is shooting two birds in one stone, you are thinking and you are putting it into action. I don’t prefer a class sitting, writing, and reading books only, without applying it. The effectiveness of our ideas, statements and concept must be seen on our actions. In pragmatism, schools and other educational institutions are flexible, they can remain alive, active and satisfy the changing needs of the society and provide real experiences through activities. It is not only a center of education but a center of community because a school that inculcates the philosophy of pragmatism is a true representation of a society. Pragmatic teacher are the one who first succeed in the teaching-learning process. The teacher acts as a friend, guide and philosopher to the child to gain close and positive relationship so that it is easier for them to teach and handle problems in the teaching process. As an experience-based philosophy, the curriculum includes useful activities, experiences and subjects that are useful to the present needs of the learner and also for the future expectations of adult life. It also contains skills to develop the learners which develop social and purposeful attitude. They oppose bookish knowledge and condemn those methods which promote knowledge which is not useful. The learners are keen to try things out; they want concepts that can be applied. They tend to become impatient with discussion type. They learn best when techniques are shown and they have the chance to try it out. They are also open to innovation as long as effective in the educational process. CONCLUSION Pragmatism is an attitude and a way of living which opposing the old doctrines of idealism and naturalism and inspire the individual to look ahead and create new values for an unknown future, so that he leads a better, happier and richer life. The importance of studying pragmatism as a philosophy is to understand deeply the educational process. Each fundamental aspect has a basic function in the education process. To me an effective educator is, first and foremost, someone who genuinely cares about the quality of the education a student is receiving. My memories of great teachers always involve teachers who obviously put time and thought into actions with their lessons. They offered their time to students who wanted to improve. I think that as an educator you should put into practice all the thoughts and bright ideas into action necessary to make your lessons thoughtful and hopefully fun Pragmatism serves as our guide in the educational process. Through this, we can also have a brighter understanding on how education would be. It would probably a great help for us to have all this things for the fulfilment of our good towards education. References: Singh, Y. K. (2007). Philosophical Foundation of Education. New Delhi: A P H Publishing. Shahid, S. M. (2000). Philosophy of Education. Lahore: Majeed Book Depot. How to cite Pragmatism Is the Philosophy of Practicality, Essay examples

Western Expansion Of The U.S. Essays - Presidency Of James K. Polk

Western Expansion Of The U.S. International borders have always been centers of conflict, and the U.S.-Mexican border is no exception. With the European colonizing the New World, it was a matter of time before the powers collided. The Spanish settled what is today Mexico, while the English settled what is to day the United States. When the two colonial powers did meet what is today the United States' Southwest, it was not England and Spain. Rather the two powers were the United States and Mexico. Both Counties had broken off from their mother countries. The conflict that erupted between the two countries where a direct result of different nation policies. The United States had a policy of westward expansion, while Mexico had a policy of self protection. The Americans never had a written policy of expansion. What they had was the idea of Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States had the right to expand westward to the Pacific ocean. On the other hand, Mexico was a new country wanting to protect itself from outside powers. Evidence of U.S. expansion is seen with the independence of Texas from Mexico. The strongest evidence of U.S. expansion goals is with the Mexican-American War. From the beginning, the war was conceived as an opportunity for land expansion. Mexico feared the United States expansion goals. During the 16th century, the Spanish began to settle the region. The Spanish had all ready conquered and settled Central Mexico. Now they wanted to expand their land holdings north. The first expedition into the region, that is today the United States Southwest, was with Corando. Corando reported a region rich in resources, soon after people started to settle the region. The driving force behind the settlement was silver in the region. The Spanish settled the region through three major corridors; central, western and eastern. The first settlements were mainly through the central corridor. The Spanish went thorough what is now the modern Mexican state of Chihuahua into the U.S. state of New Mexico. Eventually the Spanish established the city of Santa Fe in 1689. The eastern corridor was through modern day Texas and led to the establishment of San Antonio. The eastern expansion was caused by the French expansion into modern day Louisiana. The Spanish crown wanted a buffer between the French in Louisiana and central Mexico. The last corridor of expansion was in the west, through the sea, which led to the establishment of San Diego in 1769 and Los Angles in 1781. The Spanish were not the only European power to colonize the new world; French, English and the Dutch also settled North and South America. The Spanish and the French settled what is present day U.S.-Mexico border region. The French settled modern day U.S. midwest, while the Spanish settled present day Mexico and U.S. southwest. As time went on, European influence in the region diminished.. The French sold there claims to the United States, in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. Once the United States bought the Louisiana Purchase, western expansion began. This set the stage for major conflict in the region. The United States gained independence from England in 1775. After 1775, the Americans started to expand west. By the time Mexico gained independence, the United States had reached the Mexican frontier. Mexico needed to protect its northern borders. To protect the border region, Mexico needed to populate the area. Mexico continued the policy started by Spain of allowing Americans to settle Texas. The Americans had to follow Mexican law, religion and customs. The settlement of Texas played into the United States' expansion plans. Eventually Mexico City closed Texas from more Americans from entering. This angered the Americans wanting to enter and Americans already living in Texas. Texas revolted from Mexico in 1833. Mexicans did live in Texas, and fought for the independence of Texas. The majority of Texans were Americans and fought for their independence. After the war the Americans intentionally or non-intentionally forced most Mexicans out of Texas. The ones that stayed faced racial tensions that continue to today. After gaining independence from Mexico, Texas wanted to join the United States immediately. The U.S. Congress voted against Texas

Free Essays on Music As Therapy

The following examples illustrate some of the procedures used in music therapy. Although these are only a sampling of the methods used by music therapists, they provide a general idea of how music therapy can work.Singing is used to help people with speech impairments improve their articulation, rhythm, and breath control. In a group setting individuals develop a greater awareness of others by singing together. Songs help elderly people to remember significant events in their lives which they may then share with others. Lyrics are used to help people with their mental disabilities sequence a task.Playing instruments can improve gross and fine motor coordination in individuals with motor impairments. Playing in instrumental ensembles helps a person with behavioural problems to learn how to control disruptive impulses by working within a group structure. Learning a piece of music and performing it develops musical skills and helps a person build self-reliance, self-esteem and self-disc ipline.Rhythmic movement is used to facilitate and improve an individual’s range of motion, joint mobility / agility / strength, balance, co-ordination, gait consistency, respiration patterns, and muscular relaxation. The rhythmic component of music helps to increase motivation, interest, and enjoyment, and acts as a nonverbal persuasion to involve individuals socially.Improvising offers a creative, nonverbal means of expressing feelings. It helps the therapist to establish a bond of trust with a person and serves as a useful assessment technique. Through vocal, instrumental, and movement imp rovisation a person interacts with another and explores feelings which are difficult to express verbally. Improvising offers an opportunity to make choices and deal with structure in a creative way.Composing is used to develop cooperative learning and to facilitate the sharing of feelings, ideas, and experiences. For hospitalized children, writing songs is a means of ... Free Essays on Music As Therapy Free Essays on Music As Therapy The following examples illustrate some of the procedures used in music therapy. Although these are only a sampling of the methods used by music therapists, they provide a general idea of how music therapy can work.Singing is used to help people with speech impairments improve their articulation, rhythm, and breath control. In a group setting individuals develop a greater awareness of others by singing together. Songs help elderly people to remember significant events in their lives which they may then share with others. Lyrics are used to help people with their mental disabilities sequence a task.Playing instruments can improve gross and fine motor coordination in individuals with motor impairments. Playing in instrumental ensembles helps a person with behavioural problems to learn how to control disruptive impulses by working within a group structure. Learning a piece of music and performing it develops musical skills and helps a person build self-reliance, self-esteem and self-disc ipline.Rhythmic movement is used to facilitate and improve an individual’s range of motion, joint mobility / agility / strength, balance, co-ordination, gait consistency, respiration patterns, and muscular relaxation. The rhythmic component of music helps to increase motivation, interest, and enjoyment, and acts as a nonverbal persuasion to involve individuals socially.Improvising offers a creative, nonverbal means of expressing feelings. It helps the therapist to establish a bond of trust with a person and serves as a useful assessment technique. Through vocal, instrumental, and movement imp rovisation a person interacts with another and explores feelings which are difficult to express verbally. Improvising offers an opportunity to make choices and deal with structure in a creative way.Composing is used to develop cooperative learning and to facilitate the sharing of feelings, ideas, and experiences. For hospitalized children, writing songs is a means of ...

Roman Imperial Succession in the Julio-Claudian Era

Roman Imperial Succession in the Julio-Claudian Era The Imperial period is the time of the Roman Empire. The 1st leader of the Imperial period was Augustus, who was from the  Julian  family of Rome. The next four emperors were all from his or his wifes (Claudian) family. The two family names are combined in the form   Julio-Claudian. The Julio-Claudian era covers the first few Roman emperors,  Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius,  and  Nero.​ Ancient Roman history is divided into 3 periods: RegalRepublicanImperial Sometimes a fourth period is included: Byzantine Period. The Rules of Succession Since the Roman Empire was new at the time of the Julio-Claudians, it still had to work out issues of succession. The first emperor, Augustus, made much of the fact that he was still following the rules of the Republic, which permitted dictators. Rome hated kings, so although emperors were kings in all but name, a direct reference to the succession of the kings would have been anathema. Instead, the Romans had to work out the rules of succession as they went. They had models, like the aristocratic road to political office (cursus honorum), and, at least in the beginning, expected emperors to have illustrious ancestors. It soon became apparent that a potential emperors claim to the throne required money and military backing. Augustus Appoints a Co-Regent The senatorial class historically passed along their status to their offspring, so succession within a family was acceptable; however, Augustus lacked a son to whom to pass along his privileges. In 23 B.C., when he thought he would die, Augustus handed a ring conveying imperial power to his trusted friend and general Agrippa. Augustus recovered. Family circumstances changed. Augustus adopted Tiberius, his wifes son, in A.D. 4 and gave him proconsular and tribunician power. He married his heir to his daughter Julia. In 13, Augustus made Tiberius co-regent. When Augustus died, Tiberius already had imperial power. Conflicts could be minimized if the successor had had the opportunity to co-rule. Tiberius Two Heirs Following Augustus, the next four emperors of Rome were all related to Augustus or his wife Livia. They are referred to as Julio-Claudians. Augustus had been very popular and so Rome felt allegiance to his descendants, too. Tiberius, who had been married to Augustus daughter and was the son of Augustus third wife Julia, had not yet openly decided who would follow him when he died in A.D. 37. There were 2 possibilities: Tiberius grandson Tiberius Gemellus or the son of Germanicus. On Augustus order, Tiberius had adopted Augustus nephew Germanicus and named them equal heirs. Caligulas Illness The Praetorian Prefect, Macro, supported Caligula (Gaius) and the Senate of Rome accepted the prefects candidate. The young emperor seemed promising at first but soon suffered a serious illness from which he emerged a terror. Caligula demanded extreme honors be paid to him and otherwise humiliated the Senate. He alienated the praetorians who killed him after 4 years as emperor. Unsurprisingly, Caligula had not yet selected a successor. Claudius is Persuaded to Take the Throne Praetorians found Claudius cowering behind a curtain after they assassinated his nephew Caligula. They were in the process of ransacking the palace, but instead of killing Claudius, they recognized him as the brother of their much loved Germanicus and persuaded Claudius to take the throne. The Senate had been at work finding a new successor, too, but the praetorians, again, imposed their will. The new emperor bought the continued allegiance of the praetorian guard. One of Claudius wives, Messalina, had produced an heir known as Britannicus, but Claudius last wife, Agrippina, persuaded Claudius to adopt her sonwhom we know as Neroas heir. Nero, the Last of the Julio-Claudian Emperors Claudius died before the full inheritance had been accomplished, but Agrippina had support for her son, Nero, from the Praetorian Prefect Burrus whose troops were assured a financial bounty. The Senate again confirmed the praetorians choice of successor and so Nero became the last of the Julio-Claudian emperors. Later Successions Later emperors often designated successors or co-regents. They could also bestow the title of Caesar on their sons or other family member. When there was a gap in the dynastic rule, the new emperor had to be proclaimed either by the Senate or the army, but the consent of the other was required to make the succession legitimate. The emperor also had to be acclaimed by the people. Women were potential successors, but the first woman to rule in her own name, Empress Irene (c. 752 - August 9, 803), and alone, was after our time period. Succession Problems The first century saw 13 emperors, the 2nd, 9, but then the 3rd produced 37 (plus the 50 Michael Burger says never made it to the rolls of the historians). Generals would march on Rome where the terrified senate would declare them emperor (imperator, princeps, and augustus). Many of these emperors with nothing more than force legitimating their positions, had assassination to look forward to. Sources: A History of Rome, by M. Cary and H.H. Scullard. 1980.Also J.B. Burys History of the Later Roman Empire and The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Enlightenment, by Michael Burger. For more information on imperial succession, see: The Transmission of the Powers of the Roman Emperor from the Death of Nero in A.D. 68 to That of Alexander Severus in A.D. 235, by Mason Hammond; Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 24, (1956), pp. 6163-133.